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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a method for obtaining new tree nursery fruit trees with advantageous features and the tree itself, ready for sale to growers to plant in orchards such as "mur fruitier" orchards.
    公开号:BE1020164A3
    申请号:E2012/0492
    申请日:2012-07-12
    公开日:2013-05-07
    发明作者:Koen Carolus；Geert Colda
    申请人:Bvba Carolus C；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    NEW TREE
    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention relates to horticultural methods for obtaining productive fruit trees, in particular methods for making tree nursery trees with improved production capacity after planting in an orchard, and such tree nursery trees and the orchards that emerge from them.
    BACKGROUND
    In the field of industrial fruit production, growers purchase young trees from tree nurseries (tree nursery trees) for the planting or replanting of orchards. It is of utmost importance to develop tree nursery trees that have a fruit production capacity that is maximal at the start of the growth in the orchard, and that is preserved throughout the life of the tree (typically 10 or more years).
    Tree nursery fruit trees for commercial fruit production traditionally consist of a rootstock on which a loot has been grafted or geoculated (sometimes a so-called "intermediate trunk" is placed between the rootstock and the loot, particularly when incompatibility between rootstock and graft is suspected). The rootstock interacts with the soil and influences the tolerance of the tree against abiotic and biotic stress factors as well as its growth habit and fruit quality. The loot consists of the fruit variety with the desired fruit characteristics. Various horticultural methods are known in the art for the production of tree nursery fruit trees. Traditionally these methods intervene in the structure of the tree, e.g. by cutting, pruning, defoliation of the loot.
    A commonly used tree nursery-fruit tree type is the so-called "clipping tree". The "clipping tree" is a 2-year tree with a one-year crown. The name "cut" refers to the trimming of the trunk after one year at about 50 to 80 cm above the ground, depending on the variety. In the following year the top bud is promoted to a central axis on which sylleptic shoots will form branches that will bear the fruit, at an angle of almost 90 degrees with the trunk. The more horizontally growing branches will produce the most fruit, while the more vertically growing branches will grow faster and consequently produce more wood (so-called wild shoots). These "wild shoots" extract energy from the plant that would otherwise go to fruit production.
    Manipulation of the tree architecture in the tree nursery phase appears to determine the way in which the tree will develop in its later life and is currently the subject of extensive research and experimentation.
    The object of the present invention is to provide tree nursery trees as a starting material for planting fruit orchards, wherein the trees in question will overcome the disadvantages of known tree nursery fruit trees with regard to the start and maintenance of productivity in the orchard.
    Recently a new pruning system for orchards, the "mur fruitier" or "fruit wall", is gaining in popularity within the professional fruit industry. In this system, trees are pruned to form a rectangular hedge, consisting of structural branches (with a typical length of 40 cm from the center) and a superficial fruit production zone (which typically reaches up to 25 cm deep in the hedge). The pruning of the "mur fruitier" is done mechanically, resulting in significant labor cost savings. For example, mechanical pruning requires. 2-3 hours per hectare while manual pruning requires 70-100 hours per hectare.
    Thinning flowers and / or fruit is a common practice in professional orchards in order to arrive at a correct fruit density, to prevent turn years and to control fruit quality and fruit size. Dunning can be achieved in three ways: manually, chemically or mechanically. Manual thinning is more efficient in the "mur fruitier" because flowers / fruit are more accessible. Chemical thinning is problematic due to the limited availability of chemicals and due to their non-specific effects (eg, both the smaller and the larger fruits fall after treatment). Chemical thinning is also less appropriate for environmental reasons. Mechanical thinning requires much less work than manual thinning and avoids many problems related to chemical thinning. Because the flowers and fruits are more accessible, the "mur fruitier" is more suitable for mechanical thinning.
    The "mur fruitier" reduces the cost of manual harvesting by an estimated 30% and offers possibilities to implement mechanical harvesting.
    The fruit quality appears to be unchanged and with the same fruit density, the yield in the "mur fruitier" can be even higher.
    Building a "mur fruitier" starting from nip trees, or more generally, pyramidal trees, is problematic because these trees must be heavily pruned and manipulated in order to achieve the shape and volume desired for the "mur fruitier". As a result, it takes several years for the desired rectangular hedge to be formed, while fruit production and fruit quality are adversely affected. It is an object of the present invention to provide tree nursery trees as a starting material for the construction of "mur fruitier" orchards, in which the disadvantages of conventional tree nursery fruit trees with regard to the commencement and maintenance of productivity are overcome.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention relates to a new tree (hereinafter referred to as "new tree") that has been manipulated during the tree nursery phase to obtain tree nursery trees which, when planted in an orchard, will exhibit an optimum fruit production capacity that starts and becomes earlier maintained during the life of the tree.
    The present invention relates to a new tree that has been manipulated during the tree nursery phase so that at the end of the tree nursery phase the architecture of the new tree already corresponds to the architecture that is desired with an adult tree.
    The invention relates to a tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production with the following properties: - productive branches at different levels, preferably separated by windows sufficiently large for the optimum provision of light for the production and the ripening of fruit, - a substantially uncut trunk, and - an angle of implantation of the branches relative to the trunk approaching 90 °.
    In another aspect the invention relates to a method for making a tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production, comprising the following steps: 1) planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is united with a suitable rootstock or rootstock with intermediate stock, 2) during the first year of growth:
    The harmonization of the length of the growing tree nursery fruit trees and the induction of the formation of branches by the application of growth regulators at the top of the tree when the tree nursery fruit tree reaches approximately 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height. the growth of the main stem, by administering a growth inhibitor when the height of the tree reaches about 40 to 55% of the desired final height, and - Selective inhibition of side branches.
    3) during the second year of growth: - cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of proleptic shoots, stimulating the induction and / or extension of sylleptic shoots, and inhibiting growth from side branches.
    The invention preferably relates to: 1. A tree nursery fruit tree, further referred to as a new tree of type I or a new tree of the first type, with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production with the following properties: - a height of at preference between 1.8 and 2.7 meters - crowns of productive tasks at three branching levels, separated by windows that are large enough for the optimum supply of light for the production and ripening of fruit, - a preferably non-cut trunk, and - the angle of implantation of the side branches relative to the trunk approaching 90 °.
    2. The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to item 1, wherein: said first branching level is at a height of 25 to 35% of the tree, - said second branching level is at a height of 40 to 55% of the tree is located, - The said third branching level is at a height of 60 to 70% of the tree.
    3. The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to item 1 or 2, with sylleptic shoots at the 1st and 3rd branch level and proleptic shoots at the 2nd branch level.
    The invention preferably relates to a fruit tree created from the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of points 1 to 3, preferably a fruit tree in an orchard.
    5. The invention furthermore preferably relates to a method for making a tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production, comprising the following steps: 1) Planting a loot of the desired fruit variety which is united with a suitable rootstock or rootstock intermediate stock.
    2) During the first year of growth:
    Harmonizing the length of the growing trees and creating a first level of branching by inducing branching at the top of the tree, by administering growth regulators when the tree has reached a height of about 20 to 35% of the desired end height, - Growth inhibition of the main trunk, by applying a growth regulator when the tree has reached a height of 40 to 55% of the desired end height,
    Selective inhibition of lateral branching, 3) During the second year of growth: - Cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree above the second branching level, - Stimulating the extension and / or induction of proleptic lateral shoots on the first and / or or second branching level, - Inducing branches at the top of the tree to create a third level of branching when the tree reaches a length of about 55 to 70% of the desired end height, and - Inhibition of the growth of side branches on the tree 1st, 2nd and 3rd level.
    6. The invention preferably relates to the method according to item 5, wherein a selective growth regulator for the induction of branching selected from the group comprising: BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1 , 2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5) (yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate) , is used.
    7. The invention preferably relates to the method according to points 5 or 6, wherein a selective inhibitor of the growth of the main strain and / or the side branches, selected from the group comprising: prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4 - (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline) ), chloroquat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1, 2,4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combinations, is used to control the height of the tree.
    The invention preferably relates to the method according to any of points 5 to 7, wherein growth regulators selected from the group comprising: gibberellic acid (e.g. G A4, GA7), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'- diphenylureas), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid, Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate) , PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combinations, is used to stimulate the extension and / or induction of proleptic side branches.
    9. The invention preferably relates to a tree nursery fruit tree obtained according to the method according to any of points 5 to 8.
    The invention also relates, preferably: 10. A tree nursery fruit tree, further referred to as a new tree of type II or new tree of the second type, with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production with the following characteristics: productive branches, uniform distributed over the main trunk of the tree nursery fruit tree, a substantially uncut main trunk, and an angle of implantation of the branches relative to the trunk approaching 90 °.
    11. The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to item 10, wherein the side branches are of similar length, regardless of their position on the main trunk.
    12. The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to points 10 or 11, wherein the tree nursery fruit tree comprises sylleptic and proleptic shoots spread over the main trunk.
    The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of points 10 to 12, wherein the height of the tree nursery fruit tree is between 1.8 and 2.7 meters.
    The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of points 10 to 13, capable of forming a mur fruitier.
    The invention preferably relates to a fruit tree grown from the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of points 10 to 14.
    16. The invention preferably relates to a method for obtaining a tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production, comprising the following steps: 1) planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is united with a suitable rootstock or rootstock with intermediate stock, 2) during the first year of growth:
    Harmonizing the length of the growing tree nursery fruit trees and inducing the formation of branches by administering growth regulators at the top of the tree during the growing season, starting when the tree nursery fruit tree is about 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height achieved,
    The inhibition of the growth of the main stem, by administering a growth inhibitor when the height of the tree reaches about 40 to 55% of the desired final height, and - Selective inhibition of side branches.
    3) during the second year of growth: - cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree, stimulating the induction and / or extension of proleptic shoots spread over the main stem, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of sylleptic shoots spread over the main stem, and - inhibition of the growth of side branches spread over the main stem.
    17. The invention preferably relates to the method according to item 16, wherein a selective growth regulator for the induction of branching selected from the group comprising: BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1, 2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-) (yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), and cyclanilide (1 - [[(2,4-dichlorophenyl) amino] carbonyl] cyclopropanecarboxylic acid) is used.
    18. The invention preferably relates to the method according to points 16 or 17, wherein, a selective inhibitor of the growth of the main strain and / or side branches selected from the group comprising: prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline) , chloroquat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2) (4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combination, is used to control tree height.
    The invention preferably relates to the method according to any of points 16 to 18, wherein growth regulators selected from the group comprising: gibberellic acid (e.g. GA4, GA7), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea ), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 ((((3-phenyl-1,2) (4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combination, is used to stimulate the extension and / or induction of proleptic and / or sylleptic side shoots.
    The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to each of points 10 to 14, obtainable by the method according to each of points 16 to 19.
    The new tree according to the present invention has various potential advantages over known clipping tree as stated in Table 1 below.
    Table 1: Advantages of the new tree according to the invention over the known cutting tree

    In Table 2 the maximum expected fruit production of the new type I or type II tree, as defined herein, is compared with that of a normal tree in the first five years of production, showing that in the second year of production (this is the the second year after planting in the orchard) the trees can already reach 50% of the maximum production and that the maximum fruit production is reached from the third year (Table 2).
    Table 2: Percentage of production versus maximum production for a cutting tree and a new tree of the invention (new tree type I or type II)
    DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    Fig. 1: schematic representation of the methodology for making the new tree type I according to an embodiment of the invention.
    Fig 2: schematic representation of the methodology for making the new tree type II according to an embodiment of the invention.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The singular forms "a," "the," and "it," as used herein, include both singular and plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, an "antibody" refers to one or more than one antibody, "the antigen" refers to one or more than one antigen.
    The terms "include" and "contain", as used herein, are synonymous with "embed" or "cover" and include or open and do not exclude additional, non-enumerated parts, elements, or method steps.
    The term "and / or as used in the present description and in the claims means that the terms before and after this term are considered either alternatively or in combination.
    The term "new tree" as used herein refers to the new type I tree and / or the new type II tree, i.e., mur fruitier type.
    A tree nursery: is a place where plants are propagated and grown to a usable size, e.g. up to the sale to private persons or commercial orchards etc ...
    A tree nursery tree: is a young plant that has been propagated and raised in a tree nursery.
    Defoliation: the removal of leaves
    Proleptic shoots: shoots that arise from buds that were formed the year before, i.e. after a dormant period.
    Sylleptic shoots: shoots that arise directly from axillary buds without a dormant period.
    Knipboom: an internationally accepted term for a 2-year tree obtained by grafting a plant variety on a rootstock, growing the plant during year one, and cutting back the stem at the end of the first year to approximately 50 to 80 cm, followed by promotion of the top bud in the following year to create a central axis on which sylleptic shoots form side branches.
    In one embodiment, the main characteristics of the new type I tree are as follows: - crowns of productive branches on three levels, separated by windows large enough for the optimum provision of light for the production and ripening of fruit, - the main trunk of the tree is preferably not cut (unless unavoidable due to unfavorable growth conditions), in order to avoid disturbance of the balance between fruit production and wood production at the start and during the later life of the tree: this has the additional advantage that there are sylleptic shoots for the 1st and 3rd levels, and proleptic shoots for the 2nd level, and where the implantation angle of the branches relative to the stem approaches 90 °, ideal for optimum fruit production.
    The new type I tree preferably has a height between 1.8 and 2.7 meters at the end of the tree nursery phase.
    In another embodiment, the main characteristics of the new tree of type II are as follows: productive side branches are evenly distributed over the main trunk of the tree - the main trunk of the tree is not cut (unless unavoidable due to unfavorable growth conditions), in order to disrupt the to avoid equilibrium between fruit production and wood production at the start and during the later life of the tree: this has the additional advantage that sylleptic and proleptic shoots are obtained spread over the main stem, - where the implantation angle of the branches approaches the stem 90 0 , ideal for optimum fruit production, - the side branches are typically short and, regardless of their position on the main stem, of a similar length. Such side branches are advantageously naturally more generative because their vegetative growth was inhibited.
    The new type II tree preferably has a height between 1.8 and 2.7 meters at the end of the tree nursery phase.
    The new type II tree has productive branches evenly distributed over the main trunk of the tree.
    The new type II tree preferably has a distribution of side branches with each side branch placed in a different position on the main trunk.
    In order to obtain a tree with a similar shape, height and amount of fruit-producing branches as the new tree of the invention, the tree requires a number of measures that cause an imbalance between fruit and wood production capacity. This results in a loss of production in the first three to four years of the productive life of the traditional tree. This is due to the fact that the full tree volume must be built up in one year, after which a large part is pruned and consequently lost.
    In addition, the fruit-bearing branches of shears must be much longer to achieve the same amount of fruit-bearing wood as the new tree of the invention, e.g. as the new tree of type I or II ("mur fruitier"). This is reflected in the way planting of trees, farther apart. In addition, stronger wood is required to support the weight of the longer side branches, which in turn results in problems with the light supply for the fruit. Alternatively, the side branches have to be cut off, resulting in a further imbalance between fruit and wood production capacity of the tree and consequently a reduction in fruit production and fruit quality due to increased concentrations of sodium and potassium and decreased concentrations of magnesium and calcium. This can lead to problems of eg. 'bitter pit' or other physiological abnormalities, or an increased susceptibility to fungal growth during storage or other pre-harvest and post-harvest pests and diseases, etc ... The same problems occur when cutting trees are manipulated to achieve the desired rectangular shape of the 'mur fruitier' hedge, which means strong pruning of the lower branches and stimulation of the vegetative growth of the higher branches.
    The use of the new tree of the invention such as the new type I tree or the new type II tree has the advantage that the grower or producer can steer the entire growth process of the trees towards fruit production, because the architecture of the new tree is all the architecture needed in the mature tree. There is no need to focus on the production of wood or additional branching etc ... which would result in a loss of energy.
    The possibility for the grower to focus (irrigation, crop protection, fertilization, pruning, etc.) on fruit production will both improve the quality of the fruit and increase the production level in the first years of production. While a lot of energy still needs to be invested with the tree in the architecture (wood production) of the tree, the new tree of the invention can start producing fruit immediately after planting in the orchard.
    The new tree, such as the new tree of the first type or the new tree of the second type, can develop in peace in the tree nursery in two years. During these two years all energy is sent to the right places to achieve an architecture with an ideal production volume and an optimal balance between fruit and wood production.
    In the orchard, the new tree of the invention can immediately start producing fruit. The continuity of said production is also maintained due to the generative properties of the new tree of the invention. The risk of turn years is reduced by maintaining an optimum number of fruits per tree, which prevents tree depletion. This, in combination with an improved light penetration on the fruit as a result of the tree architecture results in a continuous production.
    In addition to the advantages i.v.m. fruit production and fruit quality, the new tree will also reduce the labor required to obtain a good fruit-bearing tree from a tree. No time and energy is wasted on obtaining the architecture, the growth of wood, pruning, etc ...
    In addition, the new tree, such as the new tree of the first type or the new tree of the second type, will increase the operational stability of fruit companies. Not all growers have the skills to realize an optimal architecture, which can result in a loss of efficiency. The new tree type greatly reduces the grower's input in the realization of the architecture in the orchard, and thus reduces the risk of errors.
    The new tree architecture is particularly suitable for the "mur fruitier" system because the side branches can already be distributed over the full length of the tree trunk.
    In contrast to the new type II tree, the tree has a pyramidal shape with side branches in particular. The planting tree, after planting in the orchard, requires pruning of the lower branches and at the same time stimulation of the vegetative growth of the upper branches to fill the volume of the "mur fruitier" hedge, which typically has a rectangular cross-section. The new type II tree exhibits a cylindrical architecture that fits much better with the desired final architecture in the "mur fruitier" and therefore requires minimal manipulation for its creation.
    The new tree of the second type, when planted to create a 'mur fruitier' orchard, will form a hedge-shaped row suitable for mechanical pruning from the first year and thus significantly reduce pruning costs. The rapid creation of a hedge-shaped row with the new type II trees also results in a more efficient manual thinning and opens the possibility of mechanical thinning, which is preferable to chemical thinning. Moreover, the cost of harvesting is reduced because the fruits are easily accessible in the superficial fruit zone that is present from the outset when the new type II trees are used to create a "mur fruitier" orchard.
    The method of making a new tree of type I typically involves the creation in a tree nursery of a ready-to-use tree type, characterized in that it is a tall tree (typically between 1.8 and 2.7 meters depending on the variety ), in pyramidal form, with three clearly distinguishable branching levels with intervening “windows”, using a unique combination and sequence of known horticultural techniques such as grafting and oculating, pruning, defoliation, curving, bending, tearing, shaving, tops, constricting, bark rings, notching, banding, branching control and growth through the use of plant growth regulators, in a period of 1, 2 or more years, preferably 2 years.
    The method for making a new tree of type II typically involves the creation in a tree nursery of a ready-to-use tree type, characterized in that it is a tall tree (typically between 1.8 and 2.7 meters depending on the variety ), in cylindrical form, with a diffuse branching pattern, using a unique combination and sequence of known horticultural techniques such as grafting and oculating, pruning, defoliation, curves, bending, tearing, shaving, tops, necking, bark rings, notches , applying tires, controlling branching and growth through the use of plant growth regulators, in a period of 1, 2 or more years, preferably 2 years.
    The new tree according to the invention, such as a new type I tree or a new type II tree is created by combining a rootstock (or a rootstock with intermediate rootstock) with a loot of the desired fruit-producing variety by means of known horticultural techniques, e.g. crevice graft, multiple crevice grafting, triangular grafting, crown grafting, crown grafting with stop, lateral grafting, set aside, slab grafting, improved grafting grafting, saddle grafting, T-grafting, V-grafting, omega-grafting, oculation, shield locating, double shielding, T -oculation, inverted T-oculation, etc ...
    During the first growing season of the united rootstock root or rootstock rootstock of the new type I tree, a number of horticultural techniques are applied to obtain a one-year plant with a height of approximately 40 to 55% of the final desired height. , with sylleptic shoots at the level of the first branching level (Fig. 1).
    At the start of the second growing season, the top is not normally pruned or cut. In case of unforeseen circumstances, some pruning may be allowed (eg frozen buds, heterogeneous growth height due to unfavorable growing conditions).
    If the formation of fruit-bearing branches at the first branching level was not sufficient after the first growing season, this can be corrected by notching or other techniques for inducing proleptic shoots.
    All horticultural techniques used during the second growing season (Fig. 1) are then used to achieve a pyramidal shape with three levels of branching with intermediate windows and the desired tree height. The use of plant growth regulators or other techniques to induce branching and to control the distance between the branching levels is crucial.
    During the first growing season of the combined rootstock root or rootstock rootstock of the new type II tree, a number of horticultural techniques are applied to obtain a one-year plant with a height of approximately 40 to 55% of the final desired height. , with sylleptic shoots starting at a level of 20-35% of the final height and continuing to the top (Fig. 2)
    At the start of the second growing season, the top is not normally pruned or cut. In case of unforeseen circumstances, some pruning may be allowed (eg frozen buds, heterogeneous height growth due to unfavorable growth conditions).
    If the formation of fruit-bearing branches at the first branching level was not sufficient after the first growing season, this can be corrected by notching or other techniques for inducing proleptic shoots.
    All horticultural techniques used during the second growing season (Fig. 2) are then used to obtain a cylindrical shape with branches that cover the main trunk evenly. The use of plant growth regulators or other techniques to induce diffuse branching is crucial.
    The invention is illustrated with the following non-limiting examples.
    EXAMPLES
    Method to produce the New Tree of type I:
    An exemplary method to obtain a new tree according to the present invention comprises the following steps: 1) Planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is associated with a suitable rootstock or rootstock rootstock.
    2) During the first growing season:
    Harmonizing the length of the growing trees and simultaneously inducing branching when the trees reach a height of about 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height, by administering growth regulators at the top of the tree such as BA (6-benzylaminopurine) , DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 ( ((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H- tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combinations.
    - Growth inhibition of the main trunk, when the tree has reached a height of 40 to 55% of the desired final tree height by applying a growth regulator on top such as prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1- oxopropyl) ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chloroquat ( 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4-) triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combinations - Selective inhibition of lateral branches at the first branch level to a branch length that is less than the final desired length, typically less than 5% of the desired final tree height, by administration of prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N- sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chloroquat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazole (1- (4) (chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combinations.
    3) During the second growing season: - Cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree above the second branch level, - If necessary, stimulating the production and / or extension of proleptic side shoots from the second and / or first branch level by administration of growth-inducing agents and / or branching agents such as gibberellic acid (e.g. GA4, GA7), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6- dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off -Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combination.
    - Inducing the third level of branching creation when the tree reaches a length of about 55 to 70% of the desired end height by administration at the top of growth regulators such as BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea ), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 ((((3-phenyl-1,2) (4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combination.
    - Inhibition of the growth of side branches on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd level by using growth inhibitors such as prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel ( 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chlorine quat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethyl hydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), only or in combinations.
    The method results in a ready-to-use tree type, characterized by a tree height typically between 1.8 and 2.7 meters, in pyramidal form, with three clearly distinguishable branching levels, each with an intermediate "window", the lowest level with a typical width between 15 and 30% of the desired tree height, as shown in Figs. 1.
    Method to produce the New Tree of type II:
    An exemplary method of obtaining a new tree in accordance with the present invention comprises the following steps: 1) Planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is associated with a suitable rootstock or rootstock rootstock.
    2) During the first growing season: - Harmonizing the length of the growing trees and during the growing season when the trees reach a height of about 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height, the formation of branches with vegetative and generative structures, by various top-portion applications of the tree of growth regulators such as BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (N, N'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), cyclanilide (1 - [[(2,4-Dichlorophenyl) amino] carbonyl] cyclopropanecarboxylic acid), alone or in combination.
    Growth inhibition of the main trunk when the tree has reached a height of 40 to 55% of the desired final tree height by applying a growth inhibitor on top such as prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1- oxopropyl) ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chloroquat ( 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4-) triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combination - Selective inhibition of branching to a branch length that is less than the final desired length, typically less than 1% of the desired final length, ie 1% of 1, 8 to 2.7 meters, by using prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid) ), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-buty 1- 2,6-dinitroaniline), chloroquat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4- dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combination.
    3) During the second growing season:
    Cutting away branches competing with the top of the tree - If necessary, stimulating the production and / or extension of proleptic side branches spread over the main trunk by applying growth-inducing agents and / or branching agents such as gibberellic acid (e.g. GA4, GA7 ), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl-5 (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), alone or in combination, - Inducing further sylleptic branching spread over the growing main stem during the second growth year of the tree by application of growth regulators such as BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1- dimeth ylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 ((((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl-5 - (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), cyclanilide (1 - [[(2,4-
    Dichlorophenyl) amino] carbonyl] cyclopropanecarboxylic acid), alone or in combination, - Inhibition of the growth of side branches to a branch length that is typically less than 10% of the desired final tree height, ie 10% from 1.8 to 2.7 meters, by using growth inhibitors such as prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1-oxopropyl) -ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N -sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chlorine quat (2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)), or paclobutrazole (1- ( 4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1 H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combination.
    The method results in a ready-to-use tree type, characterized in that it has a tree height typically between 1.8 and 2.7 meters, in cylindrical form, with a diffuse branching pattern, spread over the length of the main trunk, with branches with a typical width of 10% or less of the desired tree height, as shown in FIG. 2.
    权利要求:
    Claims (17)
    [1]
    1. Planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is associated with a suitable rootstock or rootstock intermediate stock.
    A tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production with the following characteristics: productive branches at different levels, - a substantially uncut trunk, and - an angle of implantation of the branches relative to the trunk approaching 90 °.
    [2]
    2. During the first growth year: - Harmonizing the length of the growing trees and creating a first level of branching by inducing branching at the top of the tree, by administering growth regulators when the tree has reached a height of about 20 to 35% of the desired end height, - Growth inhibition of the main trunk, by administration of a growth regulator when the tree has reached a height of 40 to 55% of the desired end height, - Selective inhibition of lateral branching,
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to claim 1, wherein the tree nursery fruit tree comprises crowns of productive tasks at three branching levels, separated by windows sufficiently large for the optimum provision of light for fruit production and ripening.
    [3]
    3. During the second year of growth: - Cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree above the second branch level, Stimulating the extension and / or induction of proleptic side shoots at the first and / or second branch level, - Inducing of branches at the top of the tree to create a third level of branching when the tree reaches a length of about 55 to 70% of the desired end height, and Inhibition of the growth of side branches at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd level.
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said first branching level is at a height of 25 to 35% of the tree, said second branching level is at a height of 40 to 55% of the tree, - The said third branching level is at a height of 60 to 70% of the tree.
    [4]
    The invention preferably relates to the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the tree nursery fruit tree contains sylleptic shoots at the 1st and 3rd branch level and contains proleptic shoots at the 2nd branch level.
    [5]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to claim 1, wherein the tree nursery fruit tree contains productive branches evenly distributed over the main trunk of the tree nursery fruit tree.
    [6]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to claim 1 or 5, wherein the side branches are of similar length, regardless of their position on the main trunk.
    [7]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to claim 1, 5 or 6, wherein the tree nursery fruit tree comprises sylleptic and proleptic shoots spread over the main stem.
    [8]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the height of the tree nursery fruit tree is between 1.8 and 2.7 meters.
    [9]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to any of claims 1 to 8, capable of forming a mur fruitier.
    [10]
    A fruit tree grown from the tree nursery fruit tree according to any of claims 1 to 9.
    [11]
    A method for making a tree nursery-fruit tree with an optimum balance between fruit and wood production, comprising the following steps: 1. planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is united with a suitable rootstock or rootstock with intermediate stock, 2. during the first growing year: - Harmonizing the length of the growing tree nursery fruit trees and inducing the formation of branches by applying growth regulators to the tree when the tree nursery fruit tree reaches approximately 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height , - The inhibition of the growth of the main trunk, by administering a growth inhibitor when the height of the tree reaches about 40 to 55% of the desired final height, and - Selective inhibition of side branches. 3. during the second year of growth: - cutting off branches competing with the top of the tree, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of proleptic shoots, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of sylleptic shoots, and - inhibition of the growth of side branches.
    [12]
    The method according to claim 11, comprising the following steps:
    [13]
    The method according to claim 11, comprising the following steps: 1. planting a loot of the desired fruit variety that is associated with a suitable rootstock or rootstock with intermediate stock, 2. during the first year of growth: Harmonizing the length of the growing tree nursery fruit trees and inducing the formation of branches by administering growth regulators at the top of the tree during the growing season, starting when the tree nursery fruit tree reaches approximately 20 to 35% of the desired final tree height, growth of the main stem, by administering a growth inhibitor when the height of the tree reaches about 40 to 55% of the desired final height, and - Selective inhibition of side branches. 3. during the second year of growth: - cutting away branches competing with the top of the tree, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of proleptic shoots spread over the main stem, - stimulating the induction and / or extension of sylleptic shoots spread over the main stem, and - inhibition of the growth of side branches spread over the main stem.
    [14]
    The method according to any of claims 11 to 13, wherein a selective growth regulator for the induction of branching selected from the group comprising: BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide (1, 2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-) (yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), and cyclanilide (1 - [[(2,4-dichlorophenyl) amino] carbonyl] cyclopropanecarboxylic acid) is used.
    [15]
    The method according to any of claims 11 to 14, wherein, a selective inhibitor of the growth of the main strain and / or side branches selected from the group comprising: prohexadione-Ca (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3,5-dioxo-4- (1 - oxopropyl) ion (1-) calcium), ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), NAA (naphthalene-acetic acid), butraline (N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline), chlorine equivalent (2-chloroethyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride), daminozide (succinic acid, mono (2,2-dimethyl hydrazide)), or paclobutrazol (1- (4-chlorophenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-2- (1H-1,2,4 -triazol-1-yl) -3-pentanol), alone or in combination, is used to control tree height.
    [16]
    The method according to any of claims 11 to 15, wherein growth regulators selected from the group comprising: gibberellic acid (e.g. GA4, GA7), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), DPU (Ν, Ν'-diphenylurea), maleic hydrazide ( 1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione), M&B 25-105 (propyl [3- (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy] acetate), NC9634 (((3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole) (5-yl) thio) acetic acid), Off-Shoot-O (mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids), PP528 (ethyl 5- (4-chlorophenyl) -2H-tetrazol-2-yl-acetate), PP938 (dyallyl succinate ), used alone or in combination, to stimulate extension and / or induction of proleptic and / or sylleptic side shoots.
    [17]
    The tree nursery fruit tree according to any of claims 1 to 9, obtainable by the method according to any of claims 11 to 16.
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    同族专利:
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    EP11174322|2011-07-18|
    EP11174322.5A|EP2548433B1|2011-07-18|2011-07-18|Nursery fruit tree|
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